how much airbnb charge host sets the stage for this enthralling narrative, offering readers a glimpse into a story that is rich in detail with refreshing subuh lecture style and brimming with originality from the outset.
Embarking on the journey of hosting on Airbnb involves understanding the financial mechanics at play. This exploration delves into the core of how much Airbnb charges hosts, unraveling the fee structures, the components that make up these charges, and the various factors that can influence the final amount. We’ll navigate through the typical percentages, the calculation methods, and even touch upon how different listing types and booking durations can subtly shift the landscape of your earnings.
Understanding Airbnb Host Fees

So, you’re thinking about becoming an Airbnb host, or maybe you already are and just want to get a clearer picture of where your hard-earned money goes. It’s totally understandable; transparency is key when it comes to your income. Airbnb, like any platform, has its way of operating, and that involves fees. Let’s break down what these host fees are all about, so you can budget like a pro and maximize your earnings.The primary way Airbnb handles its revenue from hosts is through a service fee.
This fee is essentially the platform’s charge for connecting you with guests, providing booking tools, offering support, and maintaining the overall Airbnb ecosystem. It’s not a one-size-fits-all situation, though; there are a couple of main structures hosts might encounter, and understanding them is crucial for financial planning.
Primary Fee Structure for Airbnb Hosts
Airbnb generally operates with two main service fee models for hosts: the Split-fee and the host-only fee. The vast majority of hosts, especially those in North America and many other regions, will fall under the Split-fee structure. This is the most common scenario, where both the host and the guest contribute a portion of the total booking cost as a service fee.
The host-only fee, on the other hand, is typically seen in specific regions or for certain types of listings, like hotels, where the entire service fee is deducted from the host’s payout.
Types of Service Fees Hosts Might Encounter
For most hosts using the Split-fee model, the primary service fee is a percentage of the booking subtotal. This subtotal includes the nightly rate and any additional fees set by the host, such as cleaning fees, but it excludes Airbnb’s guest service fee and taxes. Occasionally, hosts might encounter other types of fees, though these are less common and usually tied to specific situations, like cancellation policies or disputes, but the core operational fee is the service fee.
Typical Percentage Range for Airbnb Host Service Fees
The standard service fee for hosts operating under the Split-fee model is typically 3%. This percentage is applied to the booking subtotal. However, it’s important to note that this can vary. For instance, hosts who offer “Experiences” on Airbnb usually have a different fee structure, often around 20%. Also, in some regions or for specific booking types, like Airbnb Luxe or certain professional property management companies, the host fee might be higher, sometimes up to 4% or even more, to account for additional services or platform features.
How the Host Service Fee is Calculated
The calculation of the host service fee is straightforward, especially with the common Split-fee model. It’s a simple multiplication of the booking subtotal by the host’s service fee percentage. The booking subtotal is defined as the price per night multiplied by the number of nights, plus any additional fees you’ve set (like a cleaning fee or extra guest fee). Taxes collected by Airbnb on behalf of the host are not included in this subtotal.For example, if a guest books a stay for 2 nights at $100 per night, with a $50 cleaning fee, the booking subtotal would be (2
- $100) + $50 = $250. If the host’s service fee is 3%, then the host service fee would be $250
- 0.03 = $7.50. This amount is automatically deducted from the payout the host receives from Airbnb.
The host service fee is calculated on the booking subtotal, which includes the nightly rate and any additional fees set by the host, before taxes.
In the case of the host-only fee structure, which is less common for individual hosts, the fee is usually higher, often around 14% to 16%, and this entire amount is deducted from the host’s payout, with no separate fee charged to the guest. This model is more prevalent for hotels and traditional hospitality businesses integrated with the Airbnb platform.
Breakdown of Airbnb Host Charges: How Much Airbnb Charge Host

Alright, so you’ve got the gist of what Airbnb charges hosts, and we’ve tackled the intro and outro. Now, let’s dive deep into the nitty-gritty of where your money goes. Understanding these fees isn’t just about knowing the numbers; it’s about smart business, making sure you’re profitable and that your guests get a stellar experience without any hidden surprises. Think of it as deciphering the code to successful hosting.The core of what Airbnb charges hosts often boils down to a booking fee.
This isn’t some abstract concept; it’s a direct percentage of your booking subtotal, which includes the nightly rate plus any cleaning fees you’ve set. This fee is how Airbnb keeps the lights on, funds its marketing, and provides the platform that connects you with travelers from around the globe. It’s the price of admission to their massive marketplace.
The Host Booking Fee Component
The standard host booking fee on Airbnb typically hovers around 3%. This percentage is applied to the total booking amount, excluding Airbnb’s own guest service fee. So, if you list your place for $100 a night and a guest books for two nights with a $50 cleaning fee, the booking subtotal is $250 ($100 x 2 + $50). Airbnb would then deduct 3% of that $250, which is $7.50, as their host booking fee.
This fee is automatically deducted from your payout, so you don’t have to worry about sending a separate invoice.
Potential Additional Charges and Taxes for Hosts
While the booking fee is the most consistent charge, hosts should be aware of other potential costs. Depending on your location, you might encounter local occupancy taxes or tourism fees that Airbnb collects on your behalf and remits to the local authorities. These are usually a small percentage of the booking total and vary significantly by city and country. It’s crucial to research your local regulations to understand these obligations.
Additionally, if you opt for Airbnb’s premium services like “Airbnb Plus,” there might be different fee structures.
Scenarios Where Host Fees Might Vary
The 3% host booking fee is the most common, but there are exceptions. For hosts in the hospitality industry, such as hotels or serviced apartments, Airbnb often applies a higher host-only fee, sometimes around 14-16%. This is because these professional hosts typically handle their own guest communication and operations, and Airbnb’s service in this context is more about providing a booking channel.
Also, for very specific types of bookings, like those made through the Airbnb Experiences platform, the fee structure can differ.
Example of a Typical Booking and Associated Host Charges
Let’s walk through a concrete example. Imagine you’ve listed your charming city apartment for $120 per night. A guest books for a 3-night stay and you’ve set a $60 cleaning fee.The booking subtotal is calculated as:(Nightly Rate x Number of Nights) + Cleaning Fee($120 x 3) + $60 = $360 + $60 = $420Now, let’s apply the standard 3% host booking fee:Host Booking Fee = Booking Subtotal x Host Fee PercentageHost Booking Fee = $420 x 0.03 = $12.60So, from the $420 the guest pays, Airbnb deducts $12.60 as their booking fee.
Your payout before any potential local taxes or other deductions would be:Your Payout = Booking Subtotal – Host Booking FeeYour Payout = $420 – $12.60 = $407.40If your city has a 5% local occupancy tax that Airbnb collects and remits, that would be an additional charge on top of the booking subtotal, but it’s typically passed on to the guest and not directly deducted from your host earnings in the same way the booking fee is.
However, understanding these potential pass-through costs is vital for accurate financial planning.
Factors Influencing Host Fees

Alright, so we’ve peeled back the layers of what Airbnb charges hosts, and now it’s time to get down to the nitty-gritty. Think of host fees not as a fixed number, but as something that can dance around a bit. Several elements play a tune that determines the final melody of your earnings after Airbnb takes its cut. Let’s dive into what makes these fees tick.It’s not just about the flat rate; the circumstances surrounding your listing and your guests’ stay can subtly shift the overall financial picture.
Understanding these influencing factors is key to maximizing your income and avoiding any surprises when that payout hits your account.
Location and Its Impact on Host Fees
The city, the neighborhood, even the specific street your Airbnb is on can subtly influence the fees you encounter. While Airbnb’s core fee structure is generally consistent, local market dynamics and regulations can sometimes lead to variations or necessitate additional considerations that indirectly affect your net earnings. For instance, in highly competitive or high-demand tourist destinations, hosts might adopt different pricing strategies or face different operational costs, which, while not directly altering Airbnb’s percentage, impact the final amount you see in your pocket.
Listing Type and Fee Structure
The kind of space you’re offering absolutely plays a role in how Airbnb’s fees are structured and perceived. Whether you’re renting out a cozy private room in your home or an entire sprawling villa, the fee mechanism can feel different, even if the percentage remains the same. This is largely due to how the total booking value is calculated and how hosts are presented with their earnings.Here’s a breakdown of how different listing types can be perceived in relation to fees:
- Entire Homes/Apartments: These typically command higher booking values due to their size and exclusivity. While the percentage fee remains consistent, the absolute amount Airbnb charges will be higher, simply because the base value is greater.
- Private Rooms: Offering a room within your own residence usually results in lower booking values. Consequently, the absolute fee charged by Airbnb will be less, making the percentage feel more manageable.
- Shared Rooms: For the most budget-conscious travelers, shared rooms have the lowest booking values, leading to the smallest absolute fees for the host.
The perception of the fee is often tied to the overall revenue generated. A higher booking value for an entire home means a larger fee in dollar terms, which can sometimes feel more substantial, even if the percentage is identical to a private room booking.
Duration of Stay and Fee Implications
The length of a guest’s stay can indeed influence the total amount of fees you pay to Airbnb. While the percentage itself usually remains constant, the cumulative effect over a longer booking can be more pronounced.Consider this:
- A one-night stay might have a relatively small fee attached to it.
- A week-long booking, however, will accumulate fees over seven nights.
- Extended stays, such as a month or more, will result in a significantly larger total fee paid to Airbnb, even though the nightly rate might be discounted.
This is a direct mathematical consequence of the fee being applied to the total booking cost. Hosts offering discounts for longer stays might see a reduced overall booking value, but the fee is still calculated on that discounted price.
Pricing Strategies and Net Earnings
Your approach to setting prices for your Airbnb listing doesn’t directly change Airbnb’s percentage fee, but it can significantly impact your net earnings after those fees are deducted. This is where smart strategizing comes into play.Here are some ways pricing strategies influence your take-home pay:
- Dynamic Pricing: Adjusting your nightly rates based on demand, seasonality, and local events is crucial. If you consistently underprice your listing, you’ll pay Airbnb fees on a lower revenue stream, leaving less profit for yourself. Conversely, optimizing your pricing to capture peak demand means higher revenue, and therefore a higher absolute fee, but also a much larger net profit.
- Discounting for Longer Stays: While offering discounts for extended bookings can attract more guests, it directly lowers the total booking value. This means the absolute fee paid to Airbnb is reduced, but your profit margin per night also decreases. Hosts need to carefully calculate if the increased occupancy offsets the reduced profit per night after fees.
- Adding Cleaning Fees: Many hosts add a separate cleaning fee. This fee is typically not subject to Airbnb’s host service fee, meaning the entire cleaning fee goes to the host (minus payment processing fees). This can be a strategic way to increase overall revenue without increasing the amount Airbnb charges on the core accommodation cost.
- Taxes and Local Regulations: While not directly an Airbnb fee, hosts must also factor in local occupancy taxes and other regulations. These costs are borne by the host and reduce the final amount available to the host after all expenses, including Airbnb’s fees, are accounted for.
For example, a host who prices their entire apartment at $150 per night with a 5% service fee would pay $7.50 per night to Airbnb. If they offer a weekly discount, bringing the average nightly rate to $120, the fee drops to $6 per night. While this saves the guest money and might secure a longer booking, the host’s net earnings are lower per night, even though the absolute fee paid to Airbnb is less.
The key is to find a balance that maximizes occupancy and revenue while accounting for all costs, including Airbnb’s service fee.
Comparing Fee Structures: Host vs. Guest

Alright, let’s get down to the nitty-gritty of who pays what on Airbnb. It’s not just a simple percentage for everyone; Airbnb has a clever way of splitting the service fees between the folks hosting their space and the adventurers looking for a place to stay. Understanding this dynamic is key to seeing the full picture of Airbnb’s revenue model and how it impacts your booking or hosting costs.Airbnb operates on a dual fee system, meaning both hosts and guests contribute to the platform’s operational costs and services.
While the host fee is often a more straightforward percentage of the booking subtotal, the guest fee can be a bit more varied, sometimes a flat percentage, sometimes a tiered structure, and occasionally even waived for certain booking types. This split ensures that the platform can continue to offer its services, facilitate secure transactions, and provide support to both sides of the marketplace.
Host Service Fees vs. Guest Service Fees
The core difference in fee structures lies in the typical percentages and how they are presented. Hosts generally pay a lower percentage fee, which is deducted directly from their payout. Guests, on the other hand, see their service fee added to the total cost of their reservation, making it a visible part of their booking expense. This approach allows hosts to focus on setting their nightly rates without having to factor in a potentially larger chunk of their earnings being taken by the platform.
Rationale Behind Different Fee Percentages
The rationale for these differing percentages is multifaceted. Airbnb argues that hosts benefit from the platform’s extensive marketing reach, secure payment processing, and access to a global customer base, justifying their fee. For guests, the fee covers the convenience of browsing and booking through a trusted platform, access to customer support, and the security of Airbnb’s guarantee policies. The platform aims to strike a balance that encourages bookings while still generating significant revenue.
Contribution to Overall Transaction Cost: A Simple Scenario
Let’s paint a picture with a simple scenario to see how these fees add up. Imagine a host lists their cozy apartment for $100 per night, and a guest books it for a two-night stay.
- Booking Subtotal: $100/night
– 2 nights = $200
Now, let’s break down the fees based on typical Airbnb structures:
- Host Fee: Airbnb’s standard host fee is often around 3%. So, for this booking, the host would pay $200
– 0.03 = $6. This $6 is deducted from their payout, meaning they receive $200 – $6 = $194. - Guest Fee: Guest service fees typically range from 0% to 20%, often averaging around 14.2% of the booking subtotal (excluding taxes and other fees). For this example, let’s assume a 14.2% guest fee: $200
– 0.142 = $28.40. This fee is added to the booking subtotal. - Total Cost for Guest: $200 (booking subtotal) + $28.40 (guest fee) = $228.40
In this scenario, the total transaction cost is $228.40. The host receives $194, and Airbnb collects $6 from the host and $28.40 from the guest, totaling $34.40 in service fees for the platform. This illustrates how both parties contribute to the overall cost, with the guest bearing a larger portion of the direct service fee.
Situations Where the Fee Split Might Differ
While the above scenario represents a common setup, Airbnb does have specific situations where the fee split can vary.
| Situation | Typical Fee Structure Change | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| Higher-End Bookings (Luxury Retreats) | Host fee may increase (e.g., to 4-5%), while guest fee might remain similar or slightly adjusted. | To account for the higher value of the booking and the increased risk/support required for luxury properties. |
| Professional Hosts/Property Managers | Hosts may opt for a “host-only fee” structure, where they pay a higher percentage (e.g., 14-16%) to cover the guest service fee. This makes the listing appear cheaper to guests. | To attract more bookings by presenting a lower upfront cost to potential guests, appealing to those who are price-sensitive. |
| Long-Term Stays (28+ nights) | Guest fees are often lower for extended stays, sometimes as low as 0% or a significantly reduced percentage. | To encourage longer bookings, which provide more consistent income for hosts and a more stable revenue stream for Airbnb, making extended stays more attractive to travelers. |
| Airbnb Experiences | The fee structure for booking an Airbnb Experience can differ, with hosts typically paying a higher percentage (e.g., 20%) and guests often paying no separate service fee. | This model is more aligned with other activity booking platforms where the provider bears the primary platform fee. |
Managing and Optimizing Host Earnings

As a host on Airbnb, understanding your earnings goes beyond just the nightly rate. It involves a keen eye on the fees, how they’re applied, and how to strategize for maximum profit. This section will guide you through the tools Airbnb provides and offer actionable advice to ensure you’re keeping more of what you earn.Navigating your financial dashboard on Airbnb is crucial for transparency and effective management.
Knowing where to find your fee breakdown allows you to scrutinize each charge and understand the exact cost of using the platform. This detailed insight empowers you to make informed decisions about your pricing and overall hosting strategy.
Viewing Fee Breakdown on Airbnb
Airbnb provides hosts with a clear and accessible way to view their earnings and the associated fees for each booking. This information is typically found within your ‘Earnings’ or ‘Transactions’ section of your host dashboard.Here’s a general guide on how to access this information:
- Log in to your Airbnb host account.
- Navigate to the ‘Earnings’ or ‘Payouts’ section.
- Select a specific booking or transaction to view its detailed breakdown.
- Within the transaction details, you will find line items for the booking subtotal, Airbnb service fees (often broken down by host and guest fees if applicable), and your final payout amount.
This granular view is essential for understanding the cost of doing business and identifying any anomalies.
Strategies for Maximizing Net Earnings
Maximizing your net earnings requires a strategic approach that considers Airbnb’s fee structure. By understanding how fees impact your bottom line, you can adjust your pricing and offerings to improve your profitability.To truly optimize your earnings, consider these strategic adjustments:
- Understand Fee Implications: Recognize that Airbnb’s host service fee is a percentage of your booking total. Higher nightly rates or longer stays can mean a larger fee in absolute terms, but also a potentially higher net earning if your occupancy remains strong.
- Dynamic Pricing: Implement dynamic pricing strategies that account for demand, seasonality, and local events. While this might increase the absolute fee amount, the increased revenue often far outweighs the fee.
- Offer Additional Services: If your listing allows, consider offering optional add-on services (e.g., early check-in, late check-out, local experience packages) that can generate additional revenue with minimal or no additional Airbnb fees, depending on how they are structured.
- Optimize Your Listing for Longer Stays: Weekly and monthly discounts can attract longer bookings, which often translate to more consistent income and can sometimes offer a better per-night revenue even after fees, due to reduced turnover costs.
- Review Your Cancellation Policy: A strict cancellation policy can protect your earnings from last-minute cancellations, although it might deter some guests. Balance this with market expectations.
Checklist for Potential Airbnb Host Charges
Being aware of all potential charges is paramount to avoiding surprises and accurately calculating your profitability. This checklist covers common fees and considerations that hosts should be mindful of.Before finalizing your pricing and expectations, ensure you’ve reviewed these potential charges:
- Host Service Fee: The standard percentage charged by Airbnb on each booking.
- Professional Host Fee (if applicable): For hosts managing multiple listings or professional operations, specific fee structures might apply.
- Taxes: Be aware of local occupancy taxes, tourist taxes, or VAT that you may be responsible for collecting and remitting. Airbnb often facilitates this in certain regions, but you need to understand your local obligations.
- Payment Processing Fees: While typically included in the service fee, understand if any specific payment methods incur additional charges, especially for payouts to certain regions or currencies.
- Stripe Fees (for payouts): If you are receiving payouts via Stripe, be aware of any associated transfer fees.
- Cleaning Fees: While you set this, it’s a direct cost to you that impacts your net earnings. Ensure it accurately reflects your cleaning expenses.
- Guest Refund Costs: If you offer refunds outside of Airbnb’s policy or if a guest disputes a charge and Airbnb sides with them, you may incur costs.
- Damage Claims: While the Host Guarantee is in place, understanding the process and potential out-of-pocket expenses during a claim is important.
Estimating Earnings Before Airbnb Fees
Accurately estimating your potential earnings before Airbnb deducts its fees is a fundamental step in financial planning. This allows you to set competitive yet profitable prices and forecast your income effectively.To estimate your gross earnings for a booking, you can use a straightforward formula. This method helps you visualize your revenue before platform costs are applied.You can calculate your estimated gross earnings using the following formula:
Estimated Gross Earnings = (Nightly Rate × Number of Nights) + Cleaning Fee + Additional Fees (if any)
For example, if you set a nightly rate of $150, plan for a 3-night stay, and charge a $50 cleaning fee, your estimated gross earnings before Airbnb’s service fee would be:
($150 × 3) + $50 = $450 + $50 = $500
From this $500 gross earning, Airbnb’s host service fee (typically 3%) would then be deducted, along with any applicable taxes, to arrive at your net payout. Understanding this pre-fee total is key to setting a price that is attractive to guests while ensuring you meet your financial goals.
Special Cases and Exemptions

While Airbnb generally employs a straightforward fee structure for hosts, there are indeed certain scenarios and host types that fall under special considerations. Understanding these nuances can significantly impact your net earnings and how you manage your listings. This section dives into those exceptions, ensuring you’re not caught off guard by unexpected charges or missing out on potential savings.Airbnb aims to cater to a diverse range of hosting professionals, and this extends to their fee policies.
Some categories of hosts and booking types might experience different fee percentages or structures compared to the standard host-only fee or split fee. These special cases are designed to accommodate varying business models and booking durations.
Professional Host and Hotel Fee Structures, How much airbnb charge host
Professional hosts, often defined by managing multiple listings or operating as a business, may be subject to different fee agreements. Hotels and traditional accommodation providers listing on Airbnb can also have distinct arrangements. These often involve a reduced host-only service fee, sometimes negotiated directly with Airbnb, or a different percentage than what individual hosts typically pay. This allows these larger entities to leverage Airbnb’s platform while maintaining competitive pricing.For instance, a boutique hotel with 50 rooms listing on Airbnb might not operate under the same fee structure as a homeowner renting out a single spare room.
Airbnb recognizes the volume and operational costs associated with larger establishments and often provides tailored solutions.
Airbnb Plus and Superhost Fee Implications
Achieving Airbnb Plus or Superhost status, while not directly altering the base service fee percentage, can indirectly influence earnings through increased booking potential and potentially higher nightly rates. These programs are built on exceptional guest experiences, which often translate to more bookings and positive reviews. While the fee itself remains the same, the increased demand and perceived value associated with these statuses can lead to a higher overall revenue, thus making the existing fee structure more palatable.Superhosts, for example, benefit from increased visibility and trust from guests.
This can lead to a more consistent stream of bookings, meaning the host is paying fees on a more regular income. Airbnb Plus hosts, having met stringent quality standards, can often command higher prices, again increasing the gross booking value upon which the fee is calculated.
So, about how much Airbnb charges hosts, it’s usually a percentage, kinda like how a good operating system, you know, is an os software , manages all the background stuff. This commission helps them keep the platform running smoothly, ensuring your bookings are processed efficiently, and yeah, that’s a big part of how much Airbnb charges hosts.
Fee Considerations for Longer-Term Stays and Specific Booking Types
The duration of a guest’s stay can indeed affect the total fees incurred. For longer-term bookings, such as monthly rentals, Airbnb may offer reduced service fees for hosts. This is a common practice to incentivize hosts to offer their properties for extended periods, which can provide more stable income for the host and a more cost-effective solution for guests.
For stays of 28 nights or more, Airbnb often applies a reduced host-only service fee, typically around 3-5%, compared to the standard 3-4% for shorter stays. This reduction is automatically applied by the platform.
Specific booking types, such as those facilitated through Airbnb Experiences or certain types of commercial partnerships, might also have their own distinct fee structures. It is always advisable to check the specific terms and conditions applicable to the type of listing or service being offered.
Cancellation Policies and Fee Interactions
Cancellation policies can interact with fee calculations in a few ways, primarily affecting whether fees are charged on the cancelled booking or how refunds are processed. While Airbnb’s cancellation policies are designed to protect both guests and hosts, they can have implications for the service fees paid.If a host cancels a confirmed booking, they may be subject to penalties, which could include fees.
Conversely, if a guest cancels within a policy that allows for a full or partial refund, the service fees paid by both parties are typically calculated based on the original booking amount, and then refunds are processed accordingly. The interaction is less about a change in the
- percentage* of the fee and more about the
- basis* on which the fee is calculated and whether it is ultimately retained or refunded in part or in full. For instance, if a guest cancels a booking with a strict cancellation policy and is only refunded 50% of the booking subtotal, the service fees may also be refunded proportionally or retained by Airbnb based on their terms for that specific scenario.
Outcome Summary

In essence, demystifying how much Airbnb charges hosts is not just about knowing a number; it’s about strategic hosting. By grasping the nuances of the fee structure, understanding the variables, and actively managing your listings, you can optimize your net earnings and ensure a more profitable and rewarding hosting experience. Remember, knowledge of these fees empowers you to make informed decisions, leading to greater success on the platform.
Commonly Asked Questions
What is the standard host service fee percentage on Airbnb?
The typical host service fee on Airbnb ranges from 3% to 5% for most hosts. However, this can vary for specific categories like hotels or for hosts with very flexible cancellation policies.
Are there different fee structures for different types of hosts?
Yes, Airbnb has different fee structures. Professional hosts and hotels often have a higher host-only fee, typically around 14-16%, while most individual hosts pay a split fee with guests, with the host portion being much lower.
How does Airbnb calculate the host service fee?
The host service fee is generally calculated as a percentage of the booking subtotal, which includes the nightly rate and any additional fees set by the host, such as cleaning fees. Taxes are usually excluded from this calculation.
Can the duration of a stay affect the host fees?
While the percentage fee typically remains the same regardless of the stay duration, longer stays might lead to higher overall earnings before fees, making the absolute fee amount larger, but the percentage is constant.
Do Superhost or Airbnb Plus statuses change the host fees?
Generally, Superhost and Airbnb Plus statuses do not directly alter the host service fee percentage. These programs offer other benefits and recognitions, but the standard fee structure usually applies.




